From the Mughal Empire to the Company Raj Essential Question: – What was India like when Europeans arrived? Objectives: – To gain a background on Indian.

Presentation on theme: "From the Mughal Empire to the Company Raj Essential Question: – What was India like when Europeans arrived? Objectives: – To gain a background on Indian."— Presentation transcript:

1 From the Mughal Empire to the Company Raj Essential Question: – What was India like when Europeans arrived? Objectives: – To gain a background on Indian history and culture – To understand how the Mughals gained and lost control of India Homework: – Read and take notes on Glencoe 14.3 by Tuesday

2 India The Mughal Empire, the British Raj, and the Movement for Independence

3 Rivers Heat Monsoons Mountains Geography Delhi Kolkata (Calcutta) Mumbai (Bombay) Chennai (Madras)

4 Languages 22 “scheduled” languages 1576 “rationalized mother tongues” Indo-European (73%) – Hindi (41%) – Urdu – Bengali – Marathi – Gujarati – Punjabi Dravidian (24%) – Telugu – Tamil – Malayalam – Kannada Colonial languages – Persian – English

5 Long History Indus Valley Civilization – 2000 BC Arrival of the Aryans – around 1500 BC Mauryan (324-185 BC) and Gupta (320-550 AD) Empires Islamic Conquests – beginning in 711 Mughal Empire – 1530-1857

6 My Life My Religion “My Life, My religion” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXTNKcXrEXI Themes: – Hindu beliefs – Brahman (God, gods, goddesses) – Cycle of life, reincarnation and moksha

7 Other Religions Islam Buddhism Jainism Christianity Sikhism When the British arrived in India in the 17 th century, about 22% of Indians professed Islam. Most of the rest practiced Hinduism. The others were small minorities. Sikh man in front of the Golden Temple at Amritsar.

8 Varna (Caste)

9 Read: Swami Vivekananda Vivekananda (1863-1902) was born into a high caste family in Calcutta. Originally planning to study in Britain, he instead gave up worldly pursuits to become a sannyasi, seeking moksha (spiritual liberation.) He became the most famous interpreter of Hinduism to the West, and an early nationalist. What was Vivekananda’s view on the caste system?

10 The Mughals

11 Reading Review Question 1 Why were the Mughals (Moguls) successful in conquering and ruling India? Review your notes and have your answer ready.

12 In the past, to our shame, we forced many to adopt the faith of our ancestors. Now it has become clear to me that in our troubled world, so full of contradictions, it cannot be wisdom to assert the unique truth of one faith over another. The wise person makes justice his guide and learns from all. Perhaps in this way the door may be opened again, whose key has been lost. Akbar, Mughal Emperor

13 The Taj Mahal The greatest example of Mughal architecture, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan had it built in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

14 Reading Review Question 2 How did Aurangzeb hasten the downfall of the Mughals? Review your notes and have your answer ready.

15 European Contacts Portuguese began the spice trade (1500s) British and French took over (1600s) – Fortified coastal warehouses (“factories”) – Hired sepoys (police guards) – Carried on “quiet trade” – Banned missionaries

16 Reading Review Question 3 How did Robert Clive and the British East India Company gain power in India? Review your notes and have your answer ready.

17 “The Nabob Game” Pioneered by French imperialist Joseph Francois Dupleix – Won battles with modern fighting techniques (and muskets) – Used exclusive trade privileges to win the favor of some Nawabs, pitting them against others British imperialist Robert Clive learned from him – Battle of Plassey (1757): Clive bought off the forces of Mir Jafar, the Nawab of Bengal’s uncle, to beat the alliance of the French and the Nawab – Then proceeded to plunder Bengal By the 1850s, 1/3 million Indians were employed by the British to fight other Indians

18 The Black Hole of Calcutta Monday 11/23/2015 Essential Question: – What happened in the Black Hole of Calcutta? Objective: – To examine different perspectives on a controversial issue in Indian history and come to a conclusion about the truth Homework: – Read and take notes on Glencoe 14.3 – Extra credit: complete “Perspectives on Sati” in India sources packet

19 The Black Hole of Calcutta Context: 1756, just before the East India Co. and Mir Jafar would defeat the French and Siraj-ud-Daulah, Nawab of Bengal Read: Perspectives on the Black Hole of Calcutta How has the story changed? Can you detect bias in these perspectives? Who are you inclined to believe? Why?

20 From Company Raj to British Raj Tuesday 11/24 or Wednesday 11/25, 2015 Essential Questions: – Who were the British imperialists during the Company raj, and what were their goals? – What caused the Sepoy Rebellion? Objectives: – To compare and contrast the perspectives of Orientalists and Anglicists on Indian Culture – To analyze primary sources in order to understand the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 Homework: – Finish Sepoy Rebellion in India sources packet if not finished in class

21 Reading Groups – period 1 Group 1 (Gandhi) – Ellie – Ryan Group 2 (Gandhi) – Gabe – Jane – Paul – Gisella Group 3 (Naoroji) – Emma – Shaila – Erin – Dylan Group 4 (Jinnah) – Mitch – Bergen – Christoph – Nate Group 5 (Jinnah) – Rachel – Paige – Jianna – Kiera Group 6 (Tilak) – Tad – Seb – Trey – James Group 7 (Nehru) – Taylor – Tyco – Emily – Olivia Group 8 (Nehru) – Max – Clay – Mario – Joel

22 Reading groups – period 3 Group 1 (Nehru) – Andrew – Jade – Acacia Group 2 (Gandhi) – Charles – Solon – Talia – Sam N. Group 3 (Gandhi) – Ethan – Luke – Tyler Group 4 (Jinnah) – Jacob T. – Em – Nathan Group 5 (Naoroji) – Kaela – Marie – Sam J. – Jakob M. Group 6 (Tilak) – Ben – Brooks – Walter – Michael Group 7 (Nehru) – Morgan – Remy – Mina Group 8 (Gandhi) – Annalee – Grace – Serena

23 Reading groups – period 2 Group 1 (Gandhi) – Anna B – Clair – Katie – Samantha Group 2 (Tilak) – Brandon – Nick – James Group 3 (Gandhi) – Bo – Gavin – Luke Group 4 (Gandhi) – Elizabeth – Mario – Olivia Group 5 (Nehru) – Drake – Fiona – Lilly Group 6 (Nehru) – Anna – Ellis – Will Group 7 (Naoroji) – Julia E. – Emma G. – Emma S. – Claire Group 8 (Jinnah) – Julia G. – Anika – Brit – Kate

24 Reading groups – period 4 Group 1 (Gandhi) – Blake – Cameron – Emma B. – Mika Group 2 (Gandhi) – Grantham – Michael – Sam J. Group 3 (Tilak) – Amy – Avery – Elizabeth H. Group 4 (Nehru) – Kevin – Henry – Noah Group 5 (Naoroji) – Sophie – Stella – Lilly S. – Harley Group 6 (Jinnah) – Lindsey – Erica – Mackenzie Group 7 (Jinnah) – Elizabeth N. – Simone – Riis Group 8 (Nehru) – Sam C. – Alex H. – Maya

25 Reading groups – period 6 Group 1 (Gandhi) – Maria – Daniel – Giselle – Ari Group 2 (Gandhi) – Quinn – Will – Sarah – Ashlynn Group 3 (Gandhi) – Miles – Liam – Grant – Killian Group 4 (Gandhi) – Anna – Sophia – Julia B. – Iris Group 5 (Nehru) – Charlie – Jack – Jason – Clayton Group 6 (Naoroji) – Allie – Adalynn – Kathryn – Capri Group 7 (Tilak) – Theo – Ian – Fernando – Peter Group 8 (Jinnah) – Greta – Aiyana – Alyssa – Spencer

26 The Company Raj The East India Company was so successful that it eventually gained control of most of India This period from 1757-1858 is called the Company raj – Raj means “rule” in Hindi and other Indian languages

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28 Are there other reasons for the success of the British? One primary source is Ram Mohan Roy, “How the British took control of India” Roy believed that the British were a better alternative to the Mughals, and was attracted to British ideas of rights, justice and religious tolerance. Roy (1774-1833) was a Bengali social reformer. He was born a Brahmin, the highest caste. He worked to develop education in India, fought for political rights for Indians, and sought to reconcile different religious traditions.

29 John Wombwell, a Yorkshire chartered accountant, smokes hookah on a Lucknow terrace, c.1790 Image analysis: Who are the people in this picture, and what can you tell about them?

30 Mercenary Alexander Gardner, one of the last “White Mughals” Image analysis: Who is the man in this picture? What can you tell about him based on the way he is dressed?

31 White Mughals James Achilles Kirkpatrick – British Resident at Hyderabad, 1798-1805 – Spoke fluent Hindustani and Persian – Dressed in Indian clothing – Kept a harem – Converted to Islam – Married Khair-un-Nissa, a Sayyeda – Acted as a double agent for the Nizam of Hyderabad (maybe) India has always had a strange way with her conquerors. In defeat, she beckons them in, then slowly seduces, assimilates and transforms them. William Dalrymple

32 British Perspectives on Indian Culture Orientalists Focus on business, not changing Indian culture Encourage study of Indian culture, history, languages, religion Prohibit missionaries Tolerate cultural/religious practices considered immoral (caste, sati, infanticide) Support Company rule Anglicists Focus on “civilizing” and “modernizing” India Instruct Indians in English, practical science and industry, European culture Encourage missionaries Prohibit cultural/religious practices considered immoral (caste, sati, infanticide) Support direct rule

33 British Perspectives on Indian Culture Read: Orientalists and Anglicists What were the differences in the Orientalists and Anglicists’ perspectives? On the other hand, what goals, assumptions and attitudes did they share?

34 Follow-up paragraph Analyze the Orientalists and Anglicists’ views on Indian culture. – Incorporate at least two quotes into your text, using the Guide to Using Text as Evidence in History handout

35 Writing revision activity! Trade papers with a partner Put [brackets] around the claims Underline sentences/phrases that contextualize or introduce sources Put boxes around interpretation/analysis of sources Optional: – Put smiley faces by interpretations that seem correct or that you agree with – Put squiggly lines under things that are unclear or seem like misinterpretations

36 Sati Option: Read and analyze perspectives on this issue How do these perspectives differ? How do you evaluate the British decision to outlaw sati?

37 The Company Raj, 1757-1858 The land business – Zamindars (tax collectors) granted lands in exchange for collecting rent for the East India Co. Not the old Mughal ones, though – new Bengali ones Created new class wealthy class loyal to the British

38 The Company Raj Missionaries – Ban lifted in 1813 – Set up schools and hospitals – Never very successful with conversion Exception: people from lowest castes

39 The Sepoy Mutiny/ India’s First War of Independence Rebellion by sepoys (Indian soldiers hired by the British) in 1857 Rebellion spread through northern India Atrocities (estimates vary) Suppressed in 1858 Result: Company rule replaced by direct rule Indian hero: Rani of Jhansi

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41 Reading Review Question 1: What caused the Sepoy Mutiny (First War for Independence)? Review your notes and have your answer ready.

42 The Sepoy Mutiny/ India’s First War of Independence Read: the Sepoy Rebellion documents – Answer the guiding questions, then make a final claim, supporting your point with evidence from the documents. – Okay to work in groups

43 The British Raj Tuesday 12/1 or Wednesday 12/2 Essential Question: – How did British rule change India? Objective: – To understand the ways in which British colonialism impacted India Homework: – If not finished in class: Read your assigned nationalist in the packet and answer the accompanying questions.

44 What caused the Sepoy Rebellion? Discuss in your group: – What do you think were the main causes? – Which sources did you find most persuasive or trustworthy?

45 The British Raj, 1858-1947 Implemented direct rule through viceroys Excluded Indians from upper positions Practiced “divide and rule” strategy Made changes in the army – Fancy weapons reserved for the British – Troops only from certain regions/ethnicities – Mixed-up units

46 The British Raj Promoted Macaulayism (English education) – Indians picked up on science, Enlightenment ideas – Created a common language

47 The British Raj Impact of the Industrial Revolution – Textile industry Clothing manufacturers sell cotton cloth in India Dirt cheap prices put millions of Indian artisans out of work in decades – Communication and transportation Telegraph Railroads Post service

48 The Victorian Era, 1837-1901 Queen Victoria, Empress of India “Stiff upper lip” Read: Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden” – What attitudes does the poem express about imperialism?

49 Reading Review Question 2 What were some benefits for India of British rule? Review your notes and have your answer ready.

50 Reading Review Question 3 What were some costs for India of British rule? Review your notes and have your answer ready.

51 Famines Statistics Between 1800 and 1900, 30 million Indians died from starvation Worst famines in 1876, 1896, 1899 1-4 million deaths in 1899- 1900 alone Causes El Niño Southern Oscillation Conversion of farmland to export crops (cotton, wheat, indigo) Colonial failure to help/ Malthusian ideology

52 Famines Any government which imperiled the financial position of India in the interests of prodigal philanthropy would be open to serious criticism; but any government which by indiscriminate alms-giving weakened the fibre and demoralized the self-reliance of the population, would be guilty of a public crime. – Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India

53 The Rise of Nationalism Indian National Congress, 1885 – Started by British and Indian representatives – Wanted more control over India’s government – Rift between Moderates and Extremists – Third faction: Muslims Dadabhai Naoroji Bal Gangadhar Tilak

54 Nationalism A movement to unite people who share a common history and culture as an independent nation.

55 The Nationalists Read: Indian Nationalists in India sources packet – You will be assigned a nationalist Naoroji Tilak Jinnah Gandhi Nehru – Read their bio – Read their document(s) and take notes or answer questions in the spaces provided – Be prepared to share with the class

56 The Indian Independence Movement Thursday 12/3 or Friday 12/4, 2015 Essential Question: – Who were the Indian nationalists, and how did they win independence from Britain? Objectives: – To understand the perspectives of five prominent Indian nationalists – To understand how India gained independence from Britain Homework: – Colonial India Essay

57 Indian Nationalists Jigsaw 1.Confer with your reading group. Compare your notes on your nationalist and make sure you agree in your interpretations. 2.Move to your new, mixed group. One by one, tell people about your nationalist: A.Introduce their background and life story B.Contextualize their document: what, where, when, etc. C.Point to specific passages where you learned significant things. Other students should highlight or underline and take notes. D.Share your paragraph response about your nationalist. Other students should take notes. 3.Return to your reading group and compare notes on the other nationalists.

58 Simulation! The Indian National Congress and the Movement for Independence

59 Prepare Sit with the people who studied the same historical figure as you

60 Event 1: World War I (1914-18) Do you... – Support Britain’s war effort unconditionally? – Help recruit Indian soldiers? – Make demands in exchange for support? – Seize the opportunity to fight for independence? – Something else?

61 Event 1: World War I (1914-18) Congress supported the war effort Including Jinnah and Gandhi, who recruited soldiers Tilak: India should send troops in exchange for a promise of independence Tilak, Jinnah and Annie Besant formed the All- India Home Rule League in 1916, arguing for dominion status

62 Event 1: World War I (1914-18) Over a million Indians served overseas – On the Western Front in Europe – In German East Africa – In the Middle East against the Ottoman Empire 62,000 dead, 76,000 wounded Economic support, resource drain Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms – More Indian representation in provincial governments – Dyarchy – British controlled police, courts, communications; Indians controlled education, health, agriculture – However, most Indians still had no voice in government

63 Event 2: The Rowlatt Act and the Amritsar Massacre Rowlatt Act – Public meetings banned – Protesters could be jailed for 2 years without trial Protests, especially in Punjab, the province w/ the most WWI vets

64 Event 2: The Rowlatt Act and the Amritsar Massacre In 1919 10,000 Hindus and Muslims went to Amritsar (the capital of Punjab) to non-violently protest the Rowlatt Act Planned a festival with prayer, fasting, political speeches Reginald Dyer, British commander at Amritsar, ordered troops to fire on the crowd at Jallianwallah Bagh (gardens) Soldiers blocked exit of courtyard Fired for 10-15 minutes Then left, no medical attention 400 deaths, 1200 wounded

65 Event 2: The Rowlatt Act and the Amritsar Massacre Now that protests for rights and self- rule are met with violence, what is the best course of action? Why?

66 Event 2: The Rowlatt Act and the Amritsar Massacre Major catalyst for the independence movement Many moderates decided to support independence Gandhi launched first nationwide satyagraha in 1920 – Encouraged Indians to boycott British goods, courts, schools, honors, employment – Tens of thousands of people arrested, willingly filled prisons – Called it off after the Chauri Chaura incident, in which his followers killed police

67 Event 3: The Simon Commission, Purna Swaraj and the Salt March (1928-30) Little political change in the 1920s despite growing nationalism and protests British appointed the Simon Commission in 1928 to suggest reforms – no Indians included In 1930 the INC, with Nehru as president, resolved to fight for Purna Swaraj (complete self-rule)

68 Event 3: The Simon Commission, Purna Swaraj and the Salt March (1928-30) The INC chose this flag  The spinning wheel referenced the movement to produce cloth at home and boycott British cloth This was part of Gandhi’s movement for swadeshi, economic self-sufficiency

69 Event 3: The Simon Commission, Purna Swaraj and the Salt March (1928-30) Do you support purna swaraj? If so, do you support Gandhi’s method of achieving it through satyagraha?

70 Event 3: The Simon Commission, Purna Swaraj and the Salt March (1928-30) In 1930 Gandhi launched a new satyagraha for independence, targeting the Salt Acts – This law said that Indians could only buy British salt and had to pay sales tax on it Gandhi and supporters walked about 240 miles to the coast to make their own salt Problem for the British – Overcrowded jails – Bad publicity worldwide

71 Event 4: World War II Do you... – Support Britain in another world war? – Make demands in exchange for support? – Seize the opportunity to fight for independence? – Something else?

72 Event 4: World War II India supported Britain with 2 million loyal troops – However, some extremists like Subhas Chandra Bose supported the Axis powers Bose led troops in the unsuccessful Japanese invasion of India

73 Event 4: World War II Nationalists, with Gandhi in the lead, used the opportunity to launch the “Quit India” civil disobedience movement Gandhi and other leaders imprisoned for the war British air force bombed rioting Indians British offered dominion status, INC refused Ultimately British realized that independence would be inevitable

74 Event 5: Independence and Partition About 24% of India’s population was Muslim; most were Hindu Question of how to protect Muslim rights in an Independent India debated since the 1920s Do you... – Create a secular state with religious tolerance? – Set aside government positions for Muslims? – Divide India into Hindu and Muslim countries? – Something else?

75 Event 5: Independence and Partition Independence in 1947 Partition into India and Pakistan in 10 weeks – 10 million people uprooted – 1 million dead in religious violence

76 Event 5: Independence and Partition

77 Independent Nations India – Secular democracy, Nehru as first Prime Minister Pakistan – First a dominion, then an Islamic republic since 1956 Gandhi – Opposed partition and violence through fasting and prayer – Assassinated by a radical Hindu extremist in 1948

78 Exit Ticket Quick write: – How did India achieve its independence from Britain? – What were the most important movements and events in this story?

79 Gandhi’s struggle Rowlatt Act (1919) Amritsar Massacre (1919) First Satyagraha (1920) Chauri Chaura incident (1922) Salt March (1930) India enters WWII (1939) “Quit India” (1942) Partition and Independence (1947) Assassination (1948)

80 Timeline Spice Trade established by late 1400s Height of Mughal rule: Approx. 1526-1712 East India Company receives charter 1600 “Black Hole of Calcutta” 1756 Anglicists take control, early 1800’s Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny 1857 WWI 1914-1918 Amritsar Massacre 1919 WWII 1939-1945 Independence 1947

81 Don’t Forget to give your kids Mrs. Ward’s Survey